Last
updated: 26 May 2001. Format Errors corrected: 01 June,
2008!
A Civilian perspective & day-by-day Diary for the FMD
(Foot & Mouth) epidemic of 2001.
What is FMD...??
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is an acute, highly contagious picornavirus
infection of cloven hooved animals.The virus (FMDV) is sensitive to
environmental influences, such as pH less than 5, sunlight and dessication,
however it can survive for long period of time at freezing temperatures.
FMD is present in many countries of the world, except for North and
Central America (north of Panama), Australia, New Zealand, Great Britain
and Scandinavia. The European Union (EU) countries are generally free
of FMD. FMD was last reported in 1929 in the U.S.A., 1952 in Canada,
and 1954 in Mexico. The disease is highly contagious and may spread
over great distances with movement of infected or contaminated animals,
products, objects, and people. Pigs are mainly infected
by ingesting infected food. Waste feeding has been associated with
outbreaks. Cattle are mainly infected by inhalation, often from pigs,
which excrete large amounts of virus by respiratory aerosols and are
considered highly important in disease spread. Large amounts of virus
are excreted by infected animals before clinical signs are evident,
and winds may spread the virus over long distances. People can be
infected through skin wounds or the oral mucosa by handling diseased
stock, the virus in the laboratory, or by drinking infected milk,
but not by eating meat from infected animals. The human infection
is temporary and mild. FMD is not considered a public health problem.
The incubation period is 2-21 days (average 3-8) although virus is
shed before clinical signs develop. The rate of infection
(morbity) can reach 100%, however mortality can range from 5% (adults)
to 75% (suckling pigs and sheep). Recovered cattle may be carriers
for 18 to 24 months; sheep for 1 to 2 months. Pigs are not carriers.
Clinical signs in cattle are salivation, depression, anorexia and
lameness caused by the presence or painful vesicles (blisters) in
the skin of the lips, tongue, gums, nostrils, coronary bands, interdigital
spaces and teats. Fever and decreased milk production usually precede
the appearance of vesicles. The vesicles rupture, leaving large denuded
areas which may become secondarily infected. In pigs, sheep and goats
the clinical signs are similar but milder. Lameness is the predominant
sign.
Because of the range of species affected, the high rate of infectivity,
and the fact that virus is shed before clinical signs occur, FMD is
one of the most feared reportable disease in North America. An outbreak
of FMD would, (and has in the past) cost millions of dollars in lost
production, loss of export markets, and loss of animals during eradication
of the disease. The significance of many other reportable diseases
is due to their resemblence to FMD and the importance of distinguishing
between them at the earliest indications of an unusual disease outbreak.
MY DAY-TO-DAY DIARY of the FMD outbreak of 2001, from a South-West
Scotland Perspective.
FMD outbreak UK. May, 2001.
Most recent items first
Out of the Pan into the Pyre...! 20:46 26/05/01
A month after the 'Virtual' End of this FMD outbreak was declared,
the Chickens are coming home to roost for MAFF, The UK Govnt's
Ministry for Agriculture and Food. With allegations going around
that the official number of infections incurred by UK farmers
may be in Reality much greater than the Ministry would like Joe
Public to know in these last few days run-up to the General Election.
Studies based on Farms considered to be 'Dangerous Contacts' reveal
that out of 421 looked at, 127 came back as +ve for FMD. Extrapolated
out, this would put the UK total up to about 3000, about double
the official figure. Now MAFF are really getting in the firing
line with the Governnent's Chief Scientist, Prof. David King admitting
that the Pre-empive cul was 'mass overkill'
4 New outbreks in Scottish borders 20:41 23/05/01
The Borders Emergency Response Group were called back onto the
front line today after nearly a month since the figurative 'all
clear' was sounded. The town of Duns some 25 mls East of Edinburgh
the Capital is the scene for a new round of culling after 4 neighbouring
farms were found to have contracted FMD in upto 80% of their sheep
flocks. 800 sheep & 1500 lambs are to die here. Derek Griffiths
for BERG said that 'after some 4 weeks of no new confirmed cases
of FMD, perhaps complacency had started to set in.' After a similar
re-emergence of the disease at the w/e at Settle, N.Yorks some
16 mls east of Lancaster town. Here some 18 new cases have resulted
in the cull of upto 16K animals of all species. 2K were culled
today.
FREE AT LAST!22:39 15/05/01
Restrictions on movement for walkers, ramblers & holiday makers
in general have been lifted in areas clearly free of FMD. This
is true in this part of Dumfries & Galloway, although restrictions
in areas where wild deer roam are still in effect. I myself ran
into a wild deer at the weekend whilst out walking in the local
Pine Forest. In other parts of UK strict restrictions still apply.
Also good for this area today Tuesday, is that the animals at
the Mossburn Animal Sanctuary at Hightae near Lockerbie have been
given a last minute reprive form slaughter after a change in law
from Edinburgh as concerns farms contiguous to infected areas.
Another farm in Devon by Exmoor saw 900 sheep saved similarly.
Claims for damages are being made as allegations of unnecessary
culling are being made and solicitors are fighting to restrict
MAFF powers.
THE KILLING FIELDS
For archive & full story see links SILENCE OF MANY MORE LAMBS! 20:40 02/05/01
The grand total today rose to at around 1530 with a few
new cases upto 19:00z. The frequency of new cases is down. Research
carried out at Edinburgh University has produced the prediction
that this epidemic may go on for 8 months and result in as many
as 4414 cases if their statistical maths are correct. Similar
calculations done by the Government's MAFF (Ministry for Agriculture,
Fisheries and Food) predicted an already surpassed 918 total
cases over the same period. Meanwhile the Army and utilities
are preparing another mass grave in the North. A cleared area
of Birkshaw forest near Lockerbie (Dumfries & Galloway) will get
100+ trenches of 110*16*5m to receive 250K sheep. The latest on
vaccination is that the authorities are showing complete disunity
and confusion!
NAPALM DEATH
Many of the funeral pyres have been shut down after local public
health worries about the release of Dioxins in the smoke aerosol.
Estimated at a 'massive' 63gms total emission, making up 18% of
the Nation's normal annual quota. SO after looking at the cost
of burning the dead with NAPALM at £2 a head of cattle compared
with the £1400 for conventional fires the UK may take virtually
FREE NAPALM that is being disposed of at this time by the US dept
of the Navy! However, the primary reason for this change is that
NAPALM burns in 1 hour what it takes 3-days to burn with wood
& coal and does allegedly not release any Dioxin. Also the smoke
plumes rise much higher with the very high temps and thus toxins
are lifted and dispersed over a greater area. DIOXINS combine:
H,O2,CH4 & carbon.
"I AM THE GOD OF HELLFIRE
& I BRING YOU.....FIRE""
So far 710,000 infected animals have been 'disposed of'. Likewise
so have another 624,000 mainly healthy animals from contigious
farms within the 3km firewalls.. A further 541,000 mainly healthy
animals are awaiting slaughter and 408,000 carcasses are piled
up around the country awating burial. Today I met a foresty worker
who informed me that the quantities of timber from this area alone
to fuel the funeral pyres adds up to 6-12 acres per week of Sotka
Spruce &/or Larch weighing in at ~1000 tonnes. In addition to
this, there is the large scale import of naturally dry Russian
timber and cheap foreign coal. 300 Tonnes of coal are used to
start each fire.
Daily updates Feb-March, 2001.
Most recent last!
Foot & Mouth disease in UK.
It's Official. BSE is barely out of the way and now Britain's
meat production business is once again pumping out the poisons.
This is the first major breakout of the virulent disease since
1980 and yet may yet prove to be more devastating than the nightmare
experienced by Britain's meat farmers in 1967. At that time, the
virus infected 2364 farms that were mostly localized around the
Staffordshire area. However, some 440,000 animals were slaughtered
at a cost to the meat industry of £1.5 Bn at present day rates.
It seems that the latest outbreak went some 2-4 weeks before detection
and with an incubation period for the virus of only 36 hours,
this has given the disease plenty of time to be propagated through
the country, or even potentially, abroad into Europe.
THE END OF THE BEGINNING OF THE END...?
Jim Scudamore the Chief Vetinary Officer said today that there
were no plans to cul wild animals on Dartmoor. It is important
to remember the way that back in 1967 during the giant outbreak
where 440K animals had to be killed, the government relaxed it's
restrictions and the the rate of daily contamination went balistic.
At the 12 day point in '67 ~12 new cases were reported daily.
After controls were lifted this figure shot to 32. At the 12 day
point now things are about the same as back then. Ben Gill of
the National Farmers Union today urged that all Horse racing events
be cancelled, however this has not been the case. Also the Government
took a giant risk today by issueing 100 controlled licenses to
farmers for shipping of animals to abattoirs.
Thurs 8th March update
Today Thursday the 8th sees a validication of what was said on
the 6th. The total has risen by 24 in two days. Locally here in
Dumfries & Galloway (Hereon, D&G), there was another confirmed
outbreak this lunchtime. In scotland generally there have been
31 confirmed cases and 12 more are under suspicion. To-date, Nationwide
the total number of animals killed by bun-bolt and then incineration
has topped 61,000 with a total of 29,000 earmarked for slaughter
later. Restrictions of access ot the countryside are already starting
to cause some disgruntled Mountaineers and the likes to voice
their complaint. With the renewed movement of uninfected livestock
and the resumption of horse racing events added to the increase
in average temperature, we could be looking at a major explosion!
Saturday 10th March update.
The virus characterized by it's volatility is also marked by a
distinct susceptibility to destruction by UV light that could
be it's undoing in an ideal situation.The great contoversy at
the present is whether all these animals should be being slaughtered
when it would be more prudent to use some of the 30M vaccine shots
available. Doing so would mean the UK looses it's 'epidemic free'
status within the EU.
Today's total for Saturday 10th March is 127 with 20 new cases
confirmed in one day. A further 12 new cases were announced in
the afternoon with a cluster locally. So the total so far is 139.
MAFF admit that they are learning as they go along!
Sunday 11th March update
Today saw the biggest single daily increase of detected cases
with 24 bringing the total to 163. Is this the real beginning
of the 'exponential surge' that could follow insufficient action
on vaccination? The Irish Republic's Minister for 'Marine & Natural
resources' said on C4 news tonight that, "The UK Government is
not getting a handle on this thing at all..at all." The republic
has not yet been affected. Losses to British industry are starting
to pile up with an estimated £12Bn shortfall for tourism in affected
areas.
Tuesday 13th March update
Again a steep rise of 22 today & 20 yesterday bringing the total
at the 3 week exact marker to 205 outbreaks confirmed. This means
that today the daily rate is 2/3rd's of what it was in the '67
outbreak. Bad enough, but today the government now getting more
desperate seeks to bring in the army to aid in the slaughter of
animals. Already, marksmen can be heard cracking off repetitive
shots in the sound track to the news broadcasts. However all this
has not caused shoppers to shy away with sales of Lamb up by 65%,
Beef up 45% and Pork up by 35%. A new phase of this plague that
is now taking over what could be a bedraggled outdated mode of
feeding people is about to start up. I shall call it... The Killing Fields!
Wed 14th March FMD update
Today Wed 14th saw the largest daily increase of detected cases
of disease, with 25 new sites bringing total to 230. It rose by
17 during the afternoon. Today, 700,000 sheep have been earmarked
for culling! The present rate of slaughter is now greater than
that in 1967! It includes LARGE numbers of DISEASE FREE animals
that were in the infected areas! Vaccination is now being considered
& 'firewall' areas to be marked isolating infected regions by
3-100 miles. Canadian computer modelling shows that only this
can eradicate the disease.The outbreak now affects 27 counties.
85 cases in the Scottish borders, 55 in Cumbria and 28 (+2) in
Dumfries & Galloway.
Thursday 15th March.
Total number of cases at 22:30z today is 251. So a rise of 21.
This includes 32 in Scotland and 99 or more on the Scottish borders
regions. The OK has been given for the mass culling. The 200K+
figure includes all animals that passed through Northhampton market
on the 15 & 22nd and Welshpool market on the 14th. All animals
within a 3Km(2mile) 'firewall' of any infected farm will be destroyed.
MAFF gave reason for apparent indiscriminate culling of hundreds
of thousands of sheep due to fact that symptoms don't show up
as they do in pigs and cattle. MAFF says less than 1 in 300 farms
are affected by F&M. However, this p.m some farmers who will have
to otherwise stand and watch the army or marksmen kill their animals
are saying they will break the law and prevent them doing so.
Sat 17th March
The daily quota was high again with the total at 281 confirmed
cases by 1pm SAT 17th. The newly imposed 3km 'firewalls' set up
Nationwide, are in Cumbria, Dumfries & Galloway creating a huge
swath of countryside in which all infected animals and virtually
any sheep will be slaughtered. However, not all farmers are happy
and particularly those that are uniquely shepherds are considering
blocking the marksmen that promise to enter their lands. Here
in Scotland though, farms are often mixed and they reckon they
will recover from such a knock-back. In Cumbria the Farmers
For Action (behind the huge 7-day Fuel protests that spread
across Europe in Sept 2000) are drawing up plans. The RSPCA is
dissenting & the NFU being divided on Government's pre-emptive
strike plans.
The Silence of The Lambs! 21:25 20/03/01
The National total is now at 394, that's 46 new today,
15 late last night, from 335. It is the lambing season here in
Dumfries & Galloway. However, they don't live long. There are
141 cases of F&M disease in Cumbria & D+G that makes 40% of the
total. Already the crisis is officialy more serious with 800,000
animals affected after 3 1/2 weeks than it was in 1967 after the
whole 6-months, when only 400,000 total were so!!!. I drove on
Sunday to Carlisle (the heartland of the outbreak, with one of
cattle markets involved). On the A75 I could clearly see 8 major
incinerations on farmland. The smell of burning flesh and hides
carried for miles on the wind. Upto Monday p.m, over 200,000 animals
have been slaughtered. This is still only the beginning...of the
end!
Silence of many more Lambs! 20:16 21/03/01
Today the total continues to shoot through the roof. 27 new cases
upto 19:00 and 8 more during 30 mins of the news report, brought
total to 430. Neil Frane vet officer for Cumbria warned that there
could be no cloven footed animals left in Cumbria soon if culling
takes it's course. He confirms exactly what I was predicting ten
days ago when I said FMD (Foot & Mouth disease) could start increasing
exponentially. The Govn't is not able to keep up with the culling.
33K animals a day are identified for killing and only 11K can
be. The army has been brought in already. Holland announced it's
1st two cases today and immediately adopted a Nationwide isolation
& vaccination program. This puts pressure on UK govn't to vaccinate.
See link for 'My letter to Nick Brown'
The Silence of The Lambs! 23:32 22/03/01
The National total is now at 587, that's 27 new today and
effectively a 200+ increase since Tuesday. Last week I visited
Balcary point on Auchencarn Bay and spent a few hours in Orchardtown
Bay that is a smaller inlet on The East Stewartry Coast. One could
see flames licking from a large funeral pyre up on a slope rising
from the Bay that burnt for the 4 hours I was there. There were
several disingfectant traps in the entrances to farms along this
coastal route. Today, Sunday the first detected case of FMD on
the Cumbrian High fells was confirmed. this may prefigure the
spread of FMD down the backbone of UK and could signify the end
for the 'Herdwick flock'. This Cumbrian flock has a 1000
yr pedigree history. The Cumbrian landscape could change forever
Silence of many more Lambs! 22:01 28/03/01
The grand total today rose to at least 714 with 41 new
cases. Research carried out at Edinburgh University has produced
the prediction that this epidemic may go on for 8 months and result
in as many as 4414 cases if their statistical maths are correct.
Similar calculations done by the Government's MAFF (Ministry for
Agriculture, Fisheries and Food) predict a significantly lower
918 total cases over the same period. Meanwhile the Army and utilities
are preparing another mass grave in the North. A cleared area
of Birkshaw forest near Lockerbie (Dumfries & Galloway) will get
100+ trenches of 110*16*5m to receive 250K sheep. The latest on
vaccination is that Nick Brown is consulting scientists and it
looks likely to procede!
Update for 11th April
With the statistics starting to reveal that the epidemic may be
starting to see a reduction in it's propagation and/or frequency
of detection it is rumoured that some unscrupulous farmers have
been cashing in on the bananza of free conpensation available
for loss of livestock by actually infecting their sheep/cattle
herds intentionaly with FMD. I don't have more on this personally
except that a friend of mine is working in disinfecting farms
around here against FMD and his opinion is that farmers are revelling
in the chance at a free cash payout. Last Tuesday 4th April I
visited a farm that had just received it's 'D' notice ordering
destruction of 200 of a rare sheep breed. the farmer didn't seem
at all sad, if perhaps a little sorry.
THE FINAL SOLUTION 2001
The frequency of 240 from 1000 of those farms waiting for the
slaughtermen to arrive, now intending to refuse entry to these
same, shows the strength of the growing controversy regarding
'contiguous killing'. The present policy of culling stems from
a paper published last year describing the effectiveness of mass
slaughter during the 1967 outbreak. That event effected mostly
pigs & cattle that clearly exhibit the symptoms of infection whereas
this outbreak is sheep oriented and they don't. Pointless unfocused
killing is then 'excused'. Example: 200 uninfected sheep were
accidentally culled when officials misread a map last week! However,
the killing of animals on contigous farms was changed last week
when the slaughter was revised to include only sheep and pigs
leaving the cattle unharmed.
FMD update for April 23rd
The frequency of 240 from 1000 of those farms waiting for the
slaughtermen to arrive, now intending to refuse entry to these
same, shows the strength of the growing controversy regarding
'contiguous killing'. The problem comes from the facts that the
Government is sticking to it's guns for a 'quick mop-up' fix before
the June General election and also that the present policy of
culling stems from a paper published last year describing the
effectiveness of mass slaughter during the 1967 outbreak. That
event effected mostly pigs & cattle that clearly exhibit the symptoms
of infection whereas this outbreak is sheep oriented and they
don't. Pointless unfocused killing is then 'excused'. Example:
200 uninfected sheep were accidentally culled when officials misread
a map last week!
Foot & Mouth Disease (continued)
The strain of the virus that is sowing the seeds of destruction
is Pan-Asian type O that is highly active in the Far, Middle and
near East thus fueling speculation that it comes from contaminated
meat imports. But already there are the spreading of totally unfounded
rumours of sabotage aimed at animal-activists. These rumours aren't
coming as we would expect from farmers themselves apparently but
from the Government's own MAFF agency. (Ministry of Agriculture
Fisheries and Food). Fred Brown, British consultant to The US
dept. of Agriculture is almost convinced already that animal activists
were responsible!!!Government chemists estimate that 5 yrs are
needed to develop an effective antidote.
Foot & Mouth disease (continued)
This really does go to show the dangerously unprincipled line
of thought that Government sponsored apparatus is inclined to
wander off in at it's moment of greatest paranoia. What industry
on Earth is more likely to suffer this than the BSE, CJD + BST
riddled intensive cattle reariing industry. It is no coincidence
either that this feeble line of questioning should show up before
even a shread of evidence is available just one week after a completely
revised ANTI_TERRORIST_BILL was passed through the British house
of Commons that now makes it potentially possible to have animal
rights activists labelled as fully fledged terrorists. But back
to the matter in hand. Fortunately I have been a full vegetarian
for 27 years..I only report the news.
Foot & Mouth (continued)
This outbreak seems to have started at 'Porkland' pig farm at
Heddon-on-the-wall in Northumberland, then cattle from there were
shipped to a market at Carlisle near the Scottish borders, then
down the long trucking route to the Abattoir in the Southern county
of Herefordshire, over the border into Devon (where one-third
of all Britain's livestock are reared!) and then out to Essex
County near London City. 25,000 animals passed through affected
markets before the virus was detected, hence the scale of the
search for further contamination. There were 205 confirmed outbreaks
on Saturday 8th with hundreds of other farms being tested. Giant
outdoor coal-fired incinerators are burning 24/24 to dispose of
thousands of animals that will be sacrificed in an attempt to
stamp out this disease.
Foot & mouth (Continued)
Some 7000 animals were ready to be burned today in Britain, but
already many European Nations are clamping down. Germany had already
killed some 350 animals this morning and France had quarantined
20,000 sheep it had imported from UK recently. In belgium all
animal markets are banned and No movement of livestock is permitted.
Similar restrictions in Holland are being implemented. Tradgically,
for the authorities a demonstraion by meat farmers was taking
place in Belgium outside govn't buildings today against the non-payment
of remuneration for losses incurred during the BSE crisis. This
demonstraion ahd already turned violent and water cannon were
being used before the latest news of the clamp-down in the EEC
on British exports had reached them.
Britain has a £65 Billion meat-processing industry and is loosing
£30 Million a week during the crisis. Only 10% of UK animal farmers
are insured against Foot & Mouth disease which is a half of the
figure of 20 yrs ago. Major restrictions on the access to land
and wildlife has been invoked with Devon's Dartmoor (a huge National
Park) being affected and fell walkers or ramblers volunteering
to stay away. Several major Zoos have been closed to the public.
Some 61,000 animals have already been slaughtered with another
60,000 under surveillance and a further 67,000 or so have yet
to be traced. The chief Vetinary Officer says that the virus can
sit undetected in the throat of a sheep for upto 2 weeks. It may
apparently recover from all symptoms but then go on to infect
the rest of the herd!
Scotland got it's first TWO confirmed cases today, Thursday,
with one of them just 26 miles from here at LOCKERBIE so
well known for being the site of the fall to Earth for PAN-AM
flight 103 just over 10 yrs ago. Netherplace-Farm there backs
onto the Main West-coast Railway line and is at the centre of
the town. Ideal location and means by which the virus may be propagated.
The M74 Motorway passes close by to the site as well. At present,
nationwide, the rate of contamination is one-half of what it was
at the ten-day marker back during the giant outbreak (described
earlier) of 1967. A WARNING sign has been put up
at an entrance to a large Scottish Forestry walkway just 30 Mtrs
from my front door. There is a £5K fine for breach of this decree!
Northern Ireland also got it's first case confirmed today which
was close to the border of the republic. A flock of 300 sheep
had been bought from the Carlisle cattle market implicated in
the initial UK outbreak but only 100 animals have been traced
raising fears that 200 others are perhaps roaming the hills over
and around the border. The longest distance known for the virus
to travel on the wind in the past has been 165 miles. F&M disease
only effects cloven hooved/footed animals. Watch out you devil
you! In cold weather, the virus could be 'cloaked', not becoming
evident until warmer days arrive. This is a concern in the UK,
where temps on night of (2nd March) fell to -22C (coldest in UK
for 36 yrs)in Sutherland, Scotland.
Clearly the intensive farming techniques employed today offer
no security to Britain's beleaguered farmers and Carnivores. On
Channel4 News this evening, a one Colin Tudge, Biologist and writer
admitted that a reduction in meat consumption is one of the few
options available to permit a greater safety in future and that
these sort of problems just don't occur in the vegetable growing
trade...... A fourth case was detected locally in Dumfries & Galloway
today. Dartmoor National Park was found to be contaminated today-
Sunday. There are 45,000 wild animals running the thousands of
sq.Km here. Airborne contamination is suspected but this affects
pigs mostly so the wild deer may not be at danger...yet. The total
number of infected farms and sites also rose by 6 today.
The Taiwanese lesson
In 1997 Taiwan of China sufferred a major F&M crisis. They too,
at first took to extermination as the solution. After having killed
1/3rd of all their livestock, including 3.5M pigs they realized
they had failed in erradicating the disease. They then took to
a strict and huge vaccination program...and finally won over.
At first it was for pigs only but when in 1999 the virus mutated
& spread to other species, says Agro Minister Watsun Sung, 'vaccination
was given to these too'. It continues today with farms under strict
supervision.The Farmers are appealing again!Back in Scotland,
sheep farmers are joining in the chorus of discontent about the
manner in which 300,000 sheep are to be killed in the 'pre-emptive
strike' policy but The Govn't is not ready to cope with the work
cut out.
My letter to our Homosexual Agriculture Minister
Nick Brown Letter to Nick Brown MP
Dear Mr Brown, I really do wish to express my disgust at the whole
matter of considering to continue with this wholesale mass slaughter
of Foot & mouth infected animals solely for the purpose of maintaining
The Nations fraudulent status as "epidemic or disease free". I am
aware that infected animals will eventually recover and only their
subsequent weakness makes them in the here and now unverifiable
as a means of short term profit thus "justifying" mass slaughter.
I SAY VACCINATE, VACCINATE, VACCINATE!. In particular I have just
met in the street a Gentleman that knows the cattle farmer fellow
up here in Dumfries and Galloway (formally Kirkcudbrightshire) who
is the owner of the herd of traditional Galloway "Belties" cattle
that under the present "arrangement" are going to have to be exterminated.
It apparently took him and his forefathers some 200 years to bread
this particular pedigree cattle herd When the disease is finally
brought under control then the job that livestock farmers actually
sign up to do when they undertake their trade, which is animal husbandry,
can continue. I am actually a vegetarian of some 27 years standing
and although I can relate to the issues here, it is also prudent
of me to point out that meat production is only a 10% efficient
means of protein production and in the long term the issue of movement
away from meat as the Nations primary staple should be also addressed.